Rendering Equation
$$
L_r(x, \omega_o) = L_e(x, \omega_o) +
\int_{\Omega}f(x, \omega_i, \omega_o)L_i(x, \omega_i)(n \cdot \omega_i)\ d\omega_i
$$
Direct Lighting with Monte Carlo Integration
$$
L_d(x, \omega_o) \approx L_i \frac{A}{N} \cdot
\sum_{k = 1}^{N}f\left(x, \omega_i(k), \omega_o\right)
\frac{\cos \theta_i \cdot \cos \theta_o}{\mid x - x_k’\mid^2}
V(x, x_k’)
$$
Ray Tracer with Phong Shading
$$
I = A + E + \sum_{i} V_i\frac{L_i}{c_0 + c_1r + c_2 r^2}
\left(K_d \cdot max(n \cdot l, 0) + K_s\cdot max(n \cdot h, 0)^s\right)
$$
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